Analyzing Dynamics That Can Choke Supercomputers

http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2005/0,4814,106722,00.html

Getting Real:

Analyzing Dynamics That Can Choke Supercomputers

Researchers find ways to tame the complexity in real-world reasoning

Future Watch by Gary H. Anthes , DECEMBER 05, 2005 (COMPUTERWORLD) -

It is surely one of the more mind-blowing PowerPoint slides ever created. It's a graph, and one of the smallest numbers, near the bottom of the vertical axis, is 10¹⁷, the number of seconds from now until the sun burns up. Then comes 10⁴⁷, the number of atoms on Earth. After that, the numbers get really big, topping the scale at 10 ^301,020.

This graph, from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, shows the exponential growth in possible outcomes for a range of activities, from a simple car engine diagnosis with 100 variables to war gaming with 1 million variables (that's what the 10^301,020 represents).

The point DARPA is trying to make in explaining its Real-World Reasoning Project is that computers will never be able to exhaustively examine the possible outcomes of complex activities, any more than a roomful of monkeys with typewriters would ever be able to re-create the works of Shakespeare. But in the recently completed Phase I of the Real Project, as it's called, the agency did discover shortcuts that can tame the punishing combinatorial complexity that for decades has stymied efforts to model the real world.

Beyond Brute Force

Bart Selman, a computer science professor at Cornell University and one of three DARPA contractors on the project, points out that for a decade there have been automated reasoning tools that can discover defects in chip or software designs. These tools can "prove" the correctness of a specification without exhaustively testing every situation the chip or software might encounter.

But those tools can do only what's called single-agent reasoning. Selman is extending the concepts to a much harder class of problem -- multiagent scenarios in which there's one or more opposing forces -- and he's developed chess-playing software to test his ideas. The best chess programs today, such as IBM's Deep Blue, excel by brute-force trials of moves, analyzing millions of board positions per second. "Deep Blue explores hundreds of millions of strategies, but most of them are very dumb," Selman says. "Grandmasters only explore three or four possible lines of play."

The Cornell chess program works more like a grandmaster, he says. "It might exploit certain strategies, then find they are not successful. It learns from that and adds that to its knowledge base. It gets better the more games it plays, even during a single game," Selman explains. It develops a conceptual view of the board and seeks out overall positions that will give it strength.

By applying these learning techniques and other improvements over traditional reasoning tools, Selman's team has so far achieved a 10⁹ speed improvement over those tools, he says.

While Selman works on two-agent systems like chess, researchers at SRI International in Menlo, Park, Calif., are looking at games with four or more agents. That lets them include the dynamics of partnerships and coalitions often found in real-world conflicts.

Patrick Lincoln, director of the nonprofit's Computer Science Laboratory, has applied a "model checker" that's normally used to prove out semiconductor designs to a four-player variant of chess and to Diplomacy, a seven-player board game set in Europe just before World War I.

Lincoln developed an algorithm that can find the "Nash equilibrium" in a game, a point at which no player can deviate from his strategy without harming his outcome. Once that's been determined and the strategies of all the players are known, the model checker can find the best tactical moves given the various partnerships that have evolved. "This is a major computational challenge," Lincoln concedes.

Like Selman at Cornell, Lincoln has used model-checking techniques to mathematically prune the combinatorial tree. "We are doing it symbolically, in a way we don't have to exhaustively look at all the cases," he says.

Meanwhile, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, are introducing notions of uncertainty into automated reasoning. They are modeling Kriegspiel chess, a variant of the game that the Prussian army used in the 19th century to train its officers. In Kriegspiel chess, neither opponent sees the pieces or the moves of the other, so each works only with information that's been inferred from the consequences of his own moves.

Stuart Russell, a computer science professor at Berkeley, says his team has come up with search algorithms that are 100 to 1,000 times faster than earlier methods for this kind of problem. Some can find solutions directly, without trying all possibilities. He says his techniques could one day be used in applications dealing with real-world situations whose dynamics are only partially observable, such as negotiations, management of traffic flows or supply distribution systems.

"With these technologies, one might create a logistics decision-support system that could, for instance, consider the likelihood of future events such as a natural disaster, and factor the event, and its implications, into the logistics process," says Tom Wagner, DARPA's program manager for the Real Project. "That same logistics system could also reason about the value of forming a relationship with another company, possibly even a competitor, as a way to improve the response to that disaster."

In the next phase of the project, not yet approved by DARPA, SRI will scale up the tools to handle more complex games with more players, Lincoln says. "The exponentials are so terrifying," he says. "The only way to make progress is to tame them algorithmically."

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11829347/

DNA folded into a world of patterns

Origami method could be used for nano-computers and more

Slide show

• DNA origami A new molecular-scale construction technique can be used to create some pretty funny nano-shapes.

By Alan Boyle

Science editor

MSNBC

Updated: 1:17 p.m. ET March 15, 2006

Alan Boyle Science editor • Profile • E-mail

A computer scientist has developed a method to weave stringy DNA molecules into nanometer-scale, two-dimensional patterns ranging from smiley faces to a map of the Americas.

Experts say the "DNA origami" procedure laid out by Paul Rothemund of the California Institute of Technology could be adapted to create nano-computers, new drug delivery systems or even molecular-scale chemical factories.

"We are arriving at a new frontier in our pursuit of ever-smaller structures," Lloyd Smith, a chemist at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, said in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature, where Rothemund's research was published.

In a news release, Rothemund said the process is so simple that high-school students should be able to design woven DNA patterns, but so versatile that scientists could build complex structures for a wide variety of nanotechnology applications.

"A physicist, for example, might attach nano-sized semiconductor 'quantum dots' in a pattern that creates a quantum computer," he said. "A biologist might use DNA origami to take proteins which normally occur separately in nature, and organize them into a multi-enzyme factory that hands a chemical product from one enzyme machine to the next in the manner of an assembly line."

Rothemund's technique uses chemicals to twist a long, single-stranded DNA molecule into a predetermined shape, then "staples" the scaffolding together with crossover strands. For the experiments reported in Nature, Rothemund used the genome from a bacteria-destroying virus called M13 — well-suited as weaving material because its 7,000-nucleotide sequence has been fully decoded.

An army of smileys
To demonstrate the technique's versatility, Rothemund created a variety of fanciful shapes, including stars, tilelike octagons that look like lace doilies, and squares of carpet with the letters "DNA," a double helix or the rough shapes of North and South America woven into it. The shapes range around 100 nanometers wide, about 1,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair.

One atomic-force microscopy image shows myriads of smiley faces bunching up under the microscope — which Smith called "a disconcerting sight."

Smith noted that the technique could allow for dyes or attachment points to be woven into the patterns. That could turn the origami patterns into "nano-breadboards" that would serve as the basis for molecular-scale circuitry.

Rothemund and other researchers are working to extend the 2-D origami technique to 3-D structures as well. If they're successful, that could lead to the development of 3-D molecular "cages" to hold enzymes or drug molecules. The tiny cages could be flipped open chemically when the material is needed.

Decades of research
Rothemund's work builds on decades of research into using DNA as a molecular-scale construction kit — a pursuit pioneered by New York University's Nadrian Seeman.

Seeman and his colleagues have been working with even smaller DNA structures in three dimensions, measuring mere nanometers in width rather than the tens of nanometers spanned by Rothemund's structures.

Seeman told MSNBC.com that he was enthusiastic about Rothemund's work because it adds another level of scale to nano-construction processes.

"On a slightly larger scale, he's added a huge amount of convenience, and there's something to be said for that," Seeman said. The two techniques both take a "bottom-up" approach to creating small-scale structures, but Rothemund's origami method "might ultimately be easier to interface with the top-down world than ours."

Seeman emphasized that a variety of methods on a variety of scales will come into play as researchers develop nanostructures — just as tweezers, pliers and pipe wrenches are all useful at larger scales.

Google to provide world's biggest library

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/12/15/wgoog15.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/12/15/ixworld.html

Google offers you a ticket to the world's greatest libraries

By Marcus Warren in New York, 15/Dec/2004

The dream of instant, free access to centuries' worth of learning moved a huge step closer to reality yesterday under an agreement between Google and some of the world's top libraries to put their holdings online. The internet giant unveiled plans to scan millions of books currently on the stacks of libraries, including the Bodleian at Oxford University, and make their contents available at the click of a computer mouse.

The Bodelian library in Oxford
The project, likely to take at least a decade to complete, will eventually place the riches of western thought within reach of anyone using the free search engine. "This is the day the world changes," said John Wilkins, a librarian at the University of Michigan, which is involved in the scheme. "It's beyond what we believed would be possible in our lifetime."
The universities of Harvard and Stanford and New York's Public Library are the other world famous research centres working with the company to create the vast online - and fully searchable - reading room. Its founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, described the project as the fulfilment of their ambition for the internet ever since the two first met 10 years ago at Stanford.
"Even before we started Google, we dreamed of making the incredible breadth of information that librarians so lovingly organise searchable online," Mr Page said. The planned scheme is also likely to generate even more revenue for the company, whose stock has doubled in value since it went public this summer, by increasing traffic through its sites and attracting more advertising.
Google already offers users the ability to search some 8 billion internet pages with each query. The new project, when finished, will make billions more pages available and come that much closer to storing the sum of all human knowledge in one place. Not all the five libraries' holdings will be scanned and digitised. The Bodleian, open since 1602 and the oldest library to take part, will only make books printed up to the end of the 19th century available online.
Access to copyrighted materials will also be limited to short excerpts. But anyone interested will be able to buy the full texts, either electronically or through links to online stores such as Amazon.com. Google has refused to explain exactly how it will transfer more than 15 million books from paper to its computers but electronic scanners are expected to record the print as digital images, which will then be put through "optical character reader software".
But humans may also be needed to proof-read the results and the cost of scanning and digitising the libraries' contents is likely to be more than £5 for each book. Many big libraries have already been recording their holdings electronically but, by applying its financial and technological muscle to the job, Google will speed up the process considerably. It will also start a knock-on effect as its rivals struggle to catch up.
"Within two decades most of the world's knowledge will be digitised and available, one hopes, for free reading on the internet, just as there is free reading in libraries today," predicted Michael Keller, head librarian at Stanford.



Check out the world's leading libraries on Google

By Simon English in New York (Filed: 15/12/2004)

Google is adding the books and papers owned by some of the world's leading libraries to its database in the latest step of its mission to make every piece of information available online. Oxford University is one of five world-class libraries that are part of the deal, the other four being US institutions including the New York Public Library.The plan takes Google back to its roots. Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin imagined a machine, like the one on the television series Star Trek, which knew the answer to any question posed.
Said Mr Page: "Even before we started Google we dreamed of making the incredible breadth of information that librarians so lovingly organise searchable online." Since its stock market debut in August Google has launched several new ventures, including a book search service that sees publishers putting wares online. Getting the library documents into Google's search engine is a massive undertaking, the cost of which the company declined to discuss.




http://searchenginewatch.com/searchday/article.php/3447411

Google Partners with Oxford, Harvard & Others to Digitize Libraries

By Gary Price, News Editor, Dec 14, 2004

Google is working closely with five new content partners on a massive scanning project that will bring millions of volumes of printed books into the Google Print database. Google is working with libraries at the University of Michigan, Harvard University, Stanford University, Oxford University and the New York Public Library to digitize books in their collections and make them accessible via Google Print.
Google Print was expanded in October and allows publishers to make scanned copies of books available through Google. (See: Google Print Opens Widely To Publishers)
At the University of Michigan, the plan is to scan seven million titles over a six year period using a non-destructive scanning technology that Google has developed. The university will also be given a copy of each file to use as they see fit. A "digitize the complete library" arrangement is also the current plan at Stanford and Oxford, and the New York Public Library will also be running a pilot project.
Harvard's involvement in the program is a "pilot project" according to Peter Kosewski, director of Publications and Communications, Harvard University Libraries. For now, Harvard is allowing Google to digitize 40,000 titles. The university wants to use the project to learn about large scale digitization projects. The first set of materials will come from the Harvard Depository. The total size of the Harvard book collection is over 15 million volumes.
Google will begin the scanning process with a focus towards out-of-copyright content. Product Manager Adam Smith, said that many variables come into play regarding what order to scan including the way material might be shelved in these libraries.
Google stressed that today's announcement simply introduces the partnerships. In fact, just a small number of scanned items from either library are currently available in the Google Print database.
Google has no plans to introduce a Google Print "only" search interface. Google Print results appear in the "OneBox" area at the top of Google search result pages, in much the same way that news headlines or products from Froogle appear in response to relevant queries. However, tools have been created to help isolate Google Print material.
Books that are scanned from either library's collection will also have a direct link to find the book in a local library (along with links to purchase the book) using OCLC Open Worldcat data. Other books (materials not scanned from the library collections) will not have the "Find it in A Library" link available. Searching by subject (using a controlled vocabulary) is not available, at least at launch.
"In-copyright" books that are in these collections will have basic bibliographic information available but the full text will not be accessible.
Smith told us that out-of copyright material will be available in full text, though printing will be disabled when viewing this content.
All books will be scanned by Google, in many cases on-site. "Both parties will work conservatively within the laws of copyright," Smith said.
Material is scanned into image files, though Google declined to discuss specific file or viewing formats. Google developed this scanning technology for the Google Catalogs project which has remained dormant for most of this year.
Although Google has no current plans to include material from other libraries, Smith said that the company would be happy to talk with libraries interested in potentially participating in the program.
This is a massive digitization project and it will be very interesting to monitor how the work progresses over the next year. It will also be interesting to see if other web search companies (Yahoo, MSN, Ask Jeeves) partner with libraries and repositories of printed content.
Other Sources For Full Text Books Online
Placing full text book material is not a new idea on the web. Many services, both free and fee-based, allow you to access books online. The longest running such service is Project Gutenberg, founded by Michael Hart in 1971, with over 13,000 books available.
I wrote about The Online Books Page forSearchDay last year. This wonderful collection has been online for more than 10 years, and currently provides searchable access to over 20,000 free full text books. The OBP is edited by John Mark Ockerbloom, a digital library planner at the University of Pennsylvania.
The Internet Archive is also digitizing books. The goal of the Million Book Project is to "create a free-to-read, searchable digital library the approximate size of the combined libraries at Carnegie Mellon University, and one much bigger than the holdings of any high school library."
One publisher that offers a large portion of their new and old material available online, free, searchable, and full image is The National Academy Press. The currently offer access to more than 3000 publications.
Two fee-based services include NetLibrary offers access to about 76,000 books with about 1300 new titles added each month. You can access NetLibray books through your local public or university library, often at no charge.
ebrary provides access to more than 50,000 titles (books, maps, sheet music, etc). Like NetLibrary, ebrary licenses their service to libraries and educational organizations and users can login and access via any computer with web access, in most cases for free.
Want to discuss or comment on this story? Join the Most Popular Vertical Search Engines? discussion in the Search Engine Watch forums.
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http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1741231,00.asp

Google's Library Project Could Drive Content Contest

December 14, 2004

By Matt Hicks Not content with organizing billions of Web documents, Google Inc. is leading the charge in turning library collections into searchable digital content.
In announcing Tuesday that it is working with five major libraries to scan millions of books for inclusion in its Web index, Google opened another battle in the intense competition among the leading search engines. Its major search competitors will likely respond by further expanding their own indexes with sources outside of traditional Web pages, analysts said.
Meanwhile, Google's step into becoming a digital library drew enthusiasm as well as uncertainty from librarians. They were optimistic that the project would raise the profile on libraries in the age of the Internet but worried that book collections might get lost in the sea of searchable information on Google. "This is valuable content," said Allen Weiner, a research director at Gartner Inc. "We've been focused on Web content, which has varying degrees of value, but this has a built-in marketplace and built-in demand."
Google's library project is part of the Google Print effort it started testing early this year and launched as a beta in October. Through Google Print, the Mountain View, Calif., company is working with publishers to include digital versions of books and periodicals in its search index of about 8 billion documents. For the library project, Google is partnering with the New York Public Library and the libraries of Harvard University, Stanford University, the University of Oxford and the University of Michigan.
Scanning the libraries' collections will take years, but Google already has made a small percentage available from its search engine, said Susan Wojcicki, Google's director of product management.
Google has reached different arrangements with the libraries, each of which has a collection ranging from 7 million to 15 million books. It will scan the entire collections of the Stanford and Michigan libraries, while it will digitize works from 1990 and earlier at the University of Oxford, Wojcicki said. Harvard and the New York Public Library are starting with pilot projects of a subset of their collections.
"This is something we wanted to do when the company started, and it was the vision of founders before they even started Google," Wojcicki said, noting Google's origin as a library digitization project at Stanford. "This happened to be a time where Google had enough resources to take on such an endeavor." Google earlier this year raised $1.7 billion in one of the year's most closely watch initial public offerings.
Google is classifying books into three categories to deal with copyright issues. For works in the public domain, Google plans to make the full text available as part of search results. For those under copyright, Google will work with publishers to determine how much of the text will be shown, Wojcicki said. Where it has no publisher relationship, Google will show short excerpts or only bibliographical information.
Google also plans to display its sponsored links alongside the text of books where it has a publisher relationship and to share with publishers a portion of pay-per-click revenues, Wojcicki said. With public-domain works and the excerpts, no ads will be displayed. In a preview page about the library results, Google also is displaying links for buying a book at an online bookseller or for borrowing it from a local library.
Next Page: Will proprietary deals become the next trend? The library partnerships offer one of the first concrete clues about Google's strategic direction, Weiner said. The project will add new sets of non-Web information into its index. "Google believes that its future is as a search purveyor where search is what drives the economics," Weiner said. Google Print pits the company more directly against Amazon.com Inc., which also has made books searchable by keywords.
Weiner said he doesn't expect Yahoo Inc., Microsoft Corp.'s MSN division or Ask Jeeves Inc. to directly compete with Google's drive to digitize library collection, but he said all search players will increasingly look to add new forms of content to their indexes. "Companies will begin to create proprietary deals for searching up databases and new areas," he said. "Their ability to strike these deals gives them areas of differentiation."
What about competitors? Click here to read about Yahoo's program for nonprofits and libraries. Google plans to co-mingle the library collection with its overall Web results. Google Print results today appear atop the list of results when a searcher enters keywords associated with a book, such as part of a title or an author's name, Wojcicki said.
Google's approach of merging books within the same index as Web pages and content raised concerns among some librarians. "The bigger the Google database gets, the harder it will be to find all these snippets of things, especially since they do not provide a specific interface for these books," said Steven Cohen, a librarian in New York and a contributing editor to Weblog ResourceShelf.
Gary Price, a library and Internet research consultant, said he shared concerns about whether books from the library collections would be easy to find in Google since few searchers use advanced queries or enter more than two or three keywords in a query. Price, who is also the editor of ResourceShelf, said he hopes Google eventually provides libraries with a way to directly access the book collections in Google's indexes for their Web sites and online efforts.
Yet Google's move into scanning and indexing library collections could be a boon for libraries, which have struggled to market their research offerings as the Internet has grown in popularity, Cohen said. By making books more accessible online and including links to local libraries, Google could help increase the profile of libraries, he said.
Whatever the effect on libraries, the project will help Google maintain its top mindshare in search as it faces an increasing number of competitors, Price said. "This has been another incredible marketing move for [Google]," Price said. "Not that the mission is not noble, and I applaud them for that, but it's also another brilliant marketing move."
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About Google Print (Beta)


What is Google Print?

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. Since a lot of the world's information isn't yet online, we're helping to get it there. Google Print puts the content of books where you can find it most easily – right in Google search results.
To use Google Print, just do an ordinary Google search. For example, when you search on "Books about Ecuador Trekking" or "Romeo and Juliet," and we find a book that contains content that matches your search terms, we'll show links to that book at the top of your search results. Click on the book title and you'll see the page of the book that contains your search terms, as well as other information about the book. You can also search for other topics within the book. Click "Buy this Book" and you'll go straight to an online bookstore selling it. If the book was scanned from a library, click the library link to find a local library that has it.
Right now we're just testing this program, so you may not see books in your results for every search. But you can expect to see more and more books popping up in your search results in the coming months.
If you're a book publisher and you'd like to have your books included in Google search results, look into the Google Print program for publishers.

Examples
Enlarge image of results
Enlarge image of book page
Enlarge image of brief excerpts*

Frequently Asked Questions
How does Google Print work?
What types of books are available?
Can I read an entire book online?
Why can't I see more of this book?
Where does the book content come from?
What can I do with a book that I find using Google Print?
Does Google keep track of the pages I'm viewing?
I'm searching for a specific book – why can't I find it?
Does Google profit when I buy a book from a Google Print page?
I think I found a bug – who can consign it to oblivion?
I'm a book publisher. How do I add my books to the Google search results?
I'm an author. How do I add my books to the Google search results
I'm a librarian. How can I get Google to come and scan my library?
How does Google Print work?Finding books using Google Print is easy; just do an ordinary Google search. For example, when you search for a subject like "Romeo and Juliet" or "Books about rock climbing," and we find a book that contains content that matches your search terms, we'll show that book at the top of your search results. Click on the book title and you'll see a relevant page from the book and the book publisher. You can also search for other topics within the book. Click "Buy this Book" and you'll go straight to an online bookstore where you can purchase it. If the book was scanned from a library, click on the library link to find a local library that has the book.
What types of books are available?Google Print finds pretty much any kind of book you can imagine: fiction, non-fiction, reference, scholarly, textbooks, children's books, scientific, medical, professional, educational, and other books of all descriptions. With the addition of books from our library partners, our book selection will continue to increase, and you'll also be able to find out of print, rare and public domain books. Note: to prevent books with adult content from displaying in your results, please be sure you have SafeSearch turned on. You can learn how to use SafeSearch here.
Can I read an entire book online?If the book has no copyright restrictions and is considered public domain, then you can browse through the entire book. For books still under copyright, you'll only be able to see a few pages or, in some cases, only a few sentences. In general, Google Print is designed to help you discover books, not read them from start to finish. It's like going to a bookstore and browsing – only with a Google twist.
Why can't I see more of this book?We respect copyright law and the tremendous creative effort authors put into their work. So if we've scanned a library book that's still in copyright, you'll only be able to see a few snippets of text from the book. To read the whole book, you can use the "Buy the Book" links to purchase it online or the "Find this in a library" link to look for a local library that has it.
Where does the book content come from?Right now, most of our books come from Google Print for publishers, a web-based program that lets book publishers of all sizes have their book content included in Google’s main search results. Publishers send us their books and we digitally scan them and add their content to our search results – all for free. We’ve also just announced partnerships with some well-known libraries, so your Google search results should start showing you more and more books from these collections as well. If you're a book publisher, you can add your books to the Google Print search results here.
What can I do with a book that I find using Google Print? Well, you can browse a few pages, learn more about the topics explored by the book, buy it, find it at a library, or commit a selection to memory. Browser printing and image copying functions are disabled on Google Print content pages.
Does Google keep track of the pages I'm viewing? In order to enforce content viewing limits, we must keep track of page views by our users. However, we do not associate any of your searches, or the specific pages you view, with personally identifiable information about you, such as your name or address. As always, we strongly encourage you to read our Privacy Policy to be fully informed about how your confidentiality is protected.
I'm searching for a specific book – why can't I find it?Right now we're just testing this program, so relatively few books are included in the Google search results. But we're continuing to scan and index, so you'll see more and more books popping up in your search results in the coming months.
Does Google profit when I buy a book from a Google Print page?On Google Print pages we offer links to popular booksellers from whom you can buy the books you find. These links aren't paid for by those sites, nor does Google benefit if you buy something from one of these retailers. We do earn revenue, however, from clicks on contextually targeted ads that appear on Google Print book pages; we share this ad revenue with the publishers on whose book pages the ads appeared.
I think I found a bug – who can consign it to oblivion?Since we're still testing the product, you may indeed find bugs ('glitches' that haven't yet been worked out). If you find any good ones, or see anything else you think we could improve, please let us know about it. We welcome user feedback. In fact, at this stage of a product's development, we rely on it.
I'm a book publisher. How do I add my books to the Google search results?Welcome! It's easy to get involved in the Google Print program. Just send us your books and we'll scan them and add them to our search results for free. Please visit the Google Print publisher page to learn more about this program.
I'm an author. How do I add my books to the Google search results?The best way to get your books included is to speak with your publisher and encourage them to join the Google Print for publishers program. If you’re self-published or the rights to your book have reverted back to you, you can join the program yourself by sending us your books. Please visit the Google Print publisher page to learn more about the program.
I'm a librarian. How can I get Google to come and scan my library?Sorry, but we're not expanding our relationships with libraries at this time. However, we may expand to add additional libraries in the future. If you're interested in letting us know about your library's special collection, please email us at print-support@google.com and include the size of your collection, any specialization or special content, how much of your content is already digital, and what languages you cover.
*No library books were harmed during the making of these digital copies.